Pre-1924 U.S. Economic History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pre-1924 U.S. Economic History - Term Paper Example In 1800, a quarter of the American population was in the labor force. Between 1800 and 1900, the labor force increased at an annual rate of approximately 3 percent. This growth was unprecedented although the civil war slowed it down. The arrival of immigrants in America affected the growth of the nineteenth century labor force. Majority of the immigrants came from East and South Europe. The composition of the work force included more males than females. However, males below the age of fifteen did not work since they needed to attend schools at the time. Those above the age of fifteen were however the largest percentage in the labor force. Females also accounted for a proportion of the labor force although they were not as many. However, their rate of participation kept increasing throughout the century. Majority of these women were single and young, since most of the married ones stayed at home. Slaves also accounted for the overall amount of those in the labor force. At the close of the civil war, slavery was abolished and this is among the reasons why there was a decrease in the overall labor force. Since majority of black women and children had forcefully worked as slaves, when slavery was declared illegal, they ceased to work. The proportion of men however remained the same as most of them continued to work to sustain their families. It was during this time that craft workers in the workshops were replaced by the large industrial working class people. At the end of the 19th century and the start of the Second World War, the labor market entered in a phase of labor homogenization. This meant that the market was divided as either primary or secondary labor market. The primary labor market was disproportionately composed of highly skilled or the well-educated white male. In this category, the employment was secure, the earnings were high, and the edging benefits were generous. The secondary labor market was disproportionately composed of a large number of wome n, racial minorities, Africans, and Hispanics. These people were unskilled and lacked education. They worked in small enterprises that had low investments, employment was insecure, the earnings were low, and edging benefits were insufficient. In the 19th century, most of the American businesses were categorized as a monopoly. As other businesses continued to emerge, others such as the petroleum, sugar, and tobacco industries took control of the labor market. Due to the monopoly, many firms faced competition from their competitors, and this resulted to lowing of prices and passing of the saving along to the consumer in order to increase sales and make profits. During this period, there was pressure from the competitors, and there was a threat of reduced profits that motivated the US companies to reduce prices and maintain high levels of production. During this era, there was a lot of wasted land that needed to be exploited, yet wealth per capita was increasing at a high rate in Europ e, and all available land was used. The neo-classists explained that there was equilibrium growth in terms of accumulated capital. This had put a lot of emphasis on savings as the main source of growth. Walrasian stated that, the net saving by the wealth-holders was shammed to be exactly balanced by net investment in additional production capacity. During the 19th century, industrial revolutions occurred; these included the invention of long distance transport, the steam engine, and the

Based System for Sales, Marketing and Customer Information Essay Example for Free

Based System for Sales, Marketing and Customer Information Essay We propose a new cloud based system that will compile all of the past sales and marketing information and current customer contacts and needs. This system will allow employees from all areas and locations access to marketing tools and sales data. The components needed to use the new cloud system are Clients which is computer hardware and software that relies on the cloud for application and other Cloud services. The other services could not run without the help of Cloud computing. The second is Services; this is a software system that is designed to support machine-to-machine communication through a network. Next is Application; this helps the Cloud in the software architecture, this often eliminates the need to install and run the application on the costumers own computer. Platform facilitates deployment of applications without the cost of complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. Storage is the delivery of data storage as a service. Then there is infrastructure; this is the delivery of computer infrastructure as a service. All of these components are very important to the new system of cloud we are creating to better Riordan. The data requirements can be simply updated with a downloadable software update that will come with the program to make it simpler to install. The only things that will be needed while using this software are access to the internet and an external hard drive. The hard drive will ensure that it will not take up too much memory from the internal hard drive as it has a large amount of memory. Using the software is simple and easy to learn. It can be a little hard if one does not have proper knowledge of the internet. In order to be able to download this program the proper way without any add-ons of viruses, one would have to have the knowledge of the internet and to be able to download programs. The last thing that will help when using out software, is knowing how to use an external hard drive and how to hook it into the computer. The new cloud system uses more memory then our last version making an external hard drive a little more needed. These requirements will make using the software as simple and will help any company track sales and other financial information. Riordan would be able to manage data, text, and document management as a communication simplicity tool. As in any company, data is an informational asset that brings in earnings, investing in data management. Simply spoken, it helps to raise customer relationship management (CRM), while cutting expenses. This type of database will enable increased speeds for locating the products the customers want. It will reduce, considerably, the unauthorized purchases, and improve the efficiency in the operation, helping to also reduce errors in customer purchases. Part of the restructuring, would involve a need for Riordan implement consolidating software applications for all of the branches. The security of this software and concerns are the same as any software. As long as the company sticks to the policy there should not be any problems. We have made sure that this program is safe and secure. The data will be protected as long as the computers and users are safe with Virus protectors that are installed. So far we have not seen any flaws within the program as long as it is used properly. Any ethical concerns should be addressed to our company so we can make sure they are fixed and made sure that the data is safe and secure. This system can be used with mobile devices such as smart phones and any smart tablet. We have made this possible to help companies who travel a lot and cannot always be around a computer. We added this in to help make tracking a simpler step for all companies who use our system. Because the system as a whole carries far too much data for smart phones and tablets, we have created an app that can be downloaded with a smaller call for storage. This will help to not take up too much storage on smaller devices.

Tsingtao Marketing Strategy

Tsingtao Marketing Strategy This report base on Tsingtao Brewery Companys marketing strategy. Tsingtao beer is one of the most famous products in China. It has over 100 years history. The following market assessment has five sections. In the first section, there are some basic details of Tsingtao Brewery Company. And then the report will explain environment of Tsingtao beer in China; in the next section, there is the market mix strategies analysis which will be made to identify how Tsingtao beer use its strategies to adapt changing environment. In the fourth section, the report shows how the company operates STP strategies and percent examples. In the last part, connecting with brief SWOT analysis, writer rise up some recommendations. 1. Company Background Tsingtao Beer is the main product of Tsingtao Brewery Limited Company which is the oldest brewery in China. Its root can be traced back to 1903 when its predecessor Germanic beer Qingdao stock company, was established by the German businessmen and British businessman and joint venture in Qingdao (Tsingtao Brewery Limited Company, 2011). The Company was registered on 16 June 1993, and then issued H-shares in Hong Kong (Tsingtao Beer Stock (0168)), which were listed on the Stock of Exchange of Hong Kong Limited on 15 July 1993. It is the first domestic enterprise listed on an overseas stock exchange.(Hong Kong Stock Exchange, 2012) In the same year, the company issued A-shares in China (Qingdao beer (600600)), which were listed on Shanghai Stock Exchange on 27 August . This firm is the first company which listed in two places at the same time (Tsingtao Brewery Company Limited Official Web, 2012). After 100 years of development, Tsingtao Beer was listed among the top 500 brands all around the world successfully and became one of the official sponsors of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The business scope of the Company is the production and sales of beer, and other related business. It occupies leading position in the domestic beer industry in terms of size and market share with 56 breweries in 18 provinces, cities and regions all over China (Tsingtao Beer, 2011). The value of its brand is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¥50.258 billion as at 2012 (ChinaNews, 2011). 2. Business Environment It is very important that an organization considers its environment before beginning the marketing process. Once a marketer makes the initial decision to enter a new business, the company must have a good understanding of the local conditions in that region (Solomon, 2013). Usually, a market can be divided into two kinds of environment: macro and micro. 2.1  PEST Analysis of Tsingtao In macro environment analysis, PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) is the most frequent decision to be used. This way focuses on the external, macro-environment in which your business operates. It provides the big picture framework, which helps business owners to build a vision of the future and to decide on appropriate actions that take into account (Dynamiq, 2012). (P)olitical Factors During the period of adopting the Reforming-and-Opening Policies, China has maintained social stability as it achieved rapid economic growth and raised peoples living standards. Productivity improves continuously. In such a policy environment, people do no longer just notice solving the problem of food and clothing, but the condition to achieve a higher quality of life. In this century, Chinese government started to encourage consuming and issue new economic strategies to stimulate that. Beer industry had a rapid development. In 2011, the beer industry achieved sales revenue, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¥158.94 billion more than last year the corresponding period grows 22.9%, higher than the growth of beer production, liters of beer sales increase of 11.1% over the previous year(National Bureau of Statistics of China,2012). At the same time, China government increased the import tariffs on drinks, in a recent policy issued on the 15th Notice of Chinese General Administration of Customs by General Administration of Customs of the Peoples Republic of China in March 2012: From 15th April, a new duty tariff table entry articles will enforce. It said that the wines (including beer, wine, etc.) tariff rate increase to 50%. So it offers a good protection to the national beer enterprises, which has played a positive role in promoting sales (General Administration of Customs of the Peoples Republic of China, 2012). In addition, the Chinese government made a number of policies to regulate the food processing industries vigorously, in order to improve the admittance threshold, to improve the recall and delisting system and to strengthen the punishment on the illegal processing food industries. And they use product packaging policy to prevent vicious competition between beer enterprises (China International Beer Web, 2010). (E)conomic Factors The current economic situation in China now is keeping a stable growth. In 2008, the government decided to stimulate consumption, so there was a high rate of Economic growth. But in 2010, China cancel stimulate consumption policy gradually. Economic growth rate has dropped, but still keep in a normal range. Such growth not only shows Chinas growing potential of the Chinese market, but also led to the improvement to the Chinese peoples standard of livings. Since the economic crisis, the export volume of the international barley decline sharply. At the same time, the barley demand of Chinese beer industry is increasing. In this supply behind demand situation, the rising price of raw materials is another economic factor. Chinese beer industry has to maintain high speed development for many years, and become the largest beer barley importer all over the world. At present Chinese beer industry development speed is still as high as about 15% (China International Beer Web, 2011). However, although there is a huge demand of barley in China, China is not the traditional planting countries of barley. Rice in barley prices lead to the increasing of production cost greatly. (S)ocial-Cultural Factors Along with the beer market increasingly expanded in China, beer consumption gets bigger. Drinking beer has been transformed into a form of beer culture. The enthusiasm of Chinese seems to be gradually warming; they love to use beer to exchange emotions on the table. Comparing with drinking spirit, the feeling of drinking beer is cooler and more relax. It is suitable for all kinds of social occasions. The Olympics add passion, fashion, happy young elements into the products. It promotes the market share. An investigation shows that, in last few years, the amount of consumers who are 18-29 become the largest consumer groups of Tsingtao beer, risen by 14%(NBD, 2009). This will enhance the competitiveness of Tsingtao in the future. (T)echnical Factors In todays society, people pay more attention to health. So they improve the quality requirements of alcoholic drinks. Development of technology can improve the production efficiency, reduce production cost. Beer is a kind of popular drink, domestic and foreign constantly develops new technology beer production. Scientists found that, with the wavelength 410 mm, the intensity is 0.2 w / à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡of fluorescent lamp to yeast suspension uniform illumination hours later, fermentation activity can improve the 25-30%, and fermentation time shorten one day(Forhecz ,2009). 2.2 Micro Environment Marketing managements job is to attract and build relationships with customers by creating customer value and satisfaction (Kotler, 2005). It is related to the micro environment. In this section, the report mentions two aspects. 2.2.1 Competitors Analysis As alcoholic drinks, alternative products of Tsingtao beer exist. The first kind is called product competitor. This competitor can be divided into two kinds: soft drinks (nonalcoholic drinks) and alcohol. Soft drinks include carbonated drinks, fruit juices, dairy products and mineral water, etc. In some family parties, hotel get-together party banquets, they often become the beers alternative products. In terms of alternative products, the competitiveness yellow wine and spirit is not strong. But wine and beer for high-end customers are certain competitors. Of course, beer has its unique market positioning. In celebrating or party occasions, if people dont want to get drunk, beer will be the best choice. The second kind of competitors is Brand competitors. Main competitors are Snow beer and Yanjing beer. From the regional distribution, Tsingtao beer bases on Shandong province, and has made the good record in the south China, east China; Snow started from northeast China, then set up base areas in Sichuan, Anhui and Tianjin; Yanjing beer occupied more than 95% of the market in Beijing firmly(Liu, 2008). However, we need notice that in China, there is not any manufacturer having the absolute control of market share. In 2011, Tsingtao beer only has 19% of the share, the sum share of former three manufacturers market (Tsingtao, Yanjing, Snow) is less than 45%. So the company faced this extremely competitive market environment (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2012). 2.2.2 Customer Behavior Analysis In China, with the improvement of living standards and the deregulation of government, buying beer has become routine problem solving (Solomon, 2013). As a kind of fast moving consumer goods, beer appears in the Chinese daily life frequently. When people need to drink beer, everyone will have some brands for choosing. Some of them are come from internal experience, such as middle-aged people, they have many drinking experience. On the other hand, for the younger, it is likely come from the external experience, such as advertisings or recommendations (Mooij, 2011). In addition, when consumers are making purchase decision, they may have preferences of beers taste, price or the enterprise culture. The taste of Tsingtao is light type. It is conform to the Asian habit. Most products strategy of Tsingtao is high quality and high price. When feting friend or business mates, Chinese are more willing to choose this to show their sincerity. 3. Marketing Mix A planned mix of the controllable elements of a products marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place and promotion (BusinessDictionary, 2012). 3.1 Production The product is the code of the marketing operation. The enterprises all behavior is focus on the product. When the products purchased in different situation, they meet the diverse needs from different consumers. This is what the companys managers should consider. Tsingtao beer introduced different types of beer to satisfy the requirements of different social activities. Such as in the south of China, the people prefer sweet and refreshing beer, so Tsingtao introduced Draft beer; And successful middle-aged business people normally need higher life quality and have certain economic ability, so in business negotiation occasion, they will choose Gold beer; Besides, the economic ability of university graduates who just enter the society is limited, in the leisure occasions, they would choose Shanshui beer which the price is a bit lower(Tsingtao Brewery Company Limited Official Web, 2012). Tsingtao beer also develops new products actively and gives them heterogeneity packages. Such as in the packing of Gold beer, Pure Draft beer, there are clearly epidemic elements. It establishes a solid foundation for entering the market of the Tsingtao beer. For the high-end product, as Gold beer, managers mainly adopt unified luxury packaging strategy, but the cost of product packaging is higher. Luxury packaging reflected their high grade brand strategy in order to maintain consumer idea of high quality low. 3.2 Price More and more consumers buy the product rationally. As long as the product of each attribute can meet consumers psychological recognition, the price is no longer the key influence factors. In the modern marketing, the high grade product is still accepted by consumers even sold in high price. Tsingtao beer adopts differentiated pricing strategy. Its product positioning is very clear, so different product has different price. Company distributes products from the low to high level. For example, Shanshui beer, low-end products, has a low price which basically close to the cost. The result of this strategy is the increasing of their market share. Such as Tsingtao canned beer market price is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¥3.50 each can. Comparing with the similar product of other brands, there is more than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¥0.5 to 0.7 higher. Meanwhile, High-end products, such as Tsingtao Pure Draft, Tsingtao Gold, can increase sales of Tsingtao beer, and make positive effects on the own brand shaping, so the price is over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¥8 generally(Alibaba, 2012). 3.3 Place The sale channel is divided according to the product classes in Tsingtao beer. In beer industry, many products are divided into three levels. The channels are divided into three categories: food straight channel, super market retail channels, circulation wholesale channel, different grades of products is corresponding to the different terminal; terminal is corresponding to the different channels. In China, Tsingtao beer keep setting up relationship with various levels terminals what including the national distributor, high-grade restaurant, super market retail store, places of entertainment and community retail terminal. At the same time actively strengthen the same they maintain the good cooperation relations with operators. 3.4 Promotion 1) Advertisement Tsingtao beer advertising is Centaury as one, passion achievement dream (Tsingtao beer, 2011). It not only mentions the companys history, but also gives their products with a sense of the Times image and full of vitality. In the Tsingtao beers official website, home page design unique creativity. In the left, a bottle of beer gives a person the feeling of sweet and refresh. The light yellow foam shows the high quality and high grade of Tsingtao beer. This design sets up the heart guide to the potential customers who have never tried Tsingtao beer. At the same time, in view of the different brands of products for different types of star endorsement also play a guiding role. Such as Pure Draft series looking for China is a very famous band, advertising effect is good. 2) Public Relation In the public relations Tsingtao beer mainly uses the government marketing, Olympic marketing to attract consumers eyes. After Beijings bid for the Olympic Games the success, they became Olympic sponsors, and actively use the Olympic platform to promote the brand in the international influence. Tsingtao beer has been insisting on the concept of the Olympic Games, the Olympic spirit of communicators. In order for the greatest degree of spread the Olympic spirit and enhance the brand image, Tsingtao beer made in stages of Olympic marketing plan, respectively for 2006 years light the passion, 2007 transfer passion, 2008 release passion, 2009 deductive passion'(China International Beer Web, 2010). Furthermore, they connected beer to music, sports through a variety of activities. Now Tsingtao international beer festival is Chinas most influential one of the beer festival, to the world propaganda Tsingtao beer long beer culture. At the same time, Tsingtao Beer Company did public charity in 2008. It shows the companys social responsibility, in this way a wide range of publicity, consumers won the favor deeply. 3) Sales Promotion In the daily sales activity, Tsingtao beer in order to be able to improve sales, the company puts forward for all kinds of promotional activities. Such as, for the people who purchase with a certain amount of Tsingtao beer in one time will present a new research and development of products to customers. It is not only the way to increase sales, but also can promote new products to customers. Personnel promotion is commonly used. The enterprise sent promotions specialist on the site promotion, such as promotion to consumers, evening show supermarket shopping guide, etc. 4. Segmentation, Targeting and Position Strategy 4.1 Segment Strategy Market segmentation is the inevitable trend of the development of market maturity. Segments of the market stand from the point of view of consumers in the division. The overall market of a certain product divided into several consumer groups, each consumer group is a market segment. Due to the beer belong to fast moving consumer goods, the average price is low in price by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¥2-15, and Chinas average annual income per capita is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¥24,000 (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2012). So in the national scope, consumers purchase ability are basic same. Tsingtao beer uses the many kinds of segmentation methods. The first is the regional segmentation. Although the national regional consumer purchasing power is similar, but different areas formed different tastes, because of the influence of their eating habits. Through the investigation, the northern people like to powerful, roundly type of beer; Jiangsu, Shanghai and people from the south like gentle type of taste. Guangdong, Fujian coastal areas is fond like tasting strong alcohol and acid with bitter taste. According to this difference, the company will form different taste characteristics of beer to meet the needs of the consumers. Secondly, the company does the vertical segmentation in population. With age as segmentation criteria, different age paragraph has different demand. Such as young people like light beer. In the party, they can have a good time, and do not need to worry drunk. Middle-aged group people be fond of liking taste a little strong beer. It is to be in commonly business negotiation or with friends and family to get together to drink. In addition, the age always related the income level. Usually, age and consumption is proportional to the ability. So the market can be divided into high-end market and mid-low market. 4.2 Targeting Strategy and Positioning Strategy This two operations have close relationship. Market targeting is when the market segmentation later, in a number of subsidiaries in the process of optimization. Meanwhile, the market positioning is the enterprise according to the target market similar products competitive situation, in view of the customer for this kind of products are some characteristics or attribute value degree, for the enterprise products shape strong, distinctive bright individual character, and the vivid image transfer to the customer, get customer recognition(MBAlib, 2012). After one hundred years of development process, market targeting has gradually determined for high-end market. Market positioning of products is the noble, elegant, have grade and fashionable. From the product strategy, the Tsingtao beer products completely have into the target market conditions. In Germany the traditional brewing process and the improvement of science and technology, Tsingtao beers quality is undoubted fantastic. Additionally, the companys pricing is also slightly higher than other brand. No matter in hotel or the places of entertainment or the large supermarket, as long as consumers spend some money to buy high quality, high grade of beer. But as the market competition has been more intense, Tsingtao beer began to consider to enter the lower level market. So they develop Tsingtao beer family series wine. Its brand positioning is popular, cheap and fine, amiable. The situation is the consumer to Tsingtao beer high-end product of high popularity. Due to the expansion of the company mid-low products in 2000 was launched, so they need time to further improve the business. 5. Recommendation Integrated above four parts analysis, we can know that Tsingtao beer now has some advantages and disadvantages, as well as they need to face the opportunities and threats. As the leader of industry, brand awareness of Tsingtao is high, has obvious brand advantages. And they owned breweries distributed in all parts of the country. This is favorable conditions for Tsingtao beer into except outside Shandong. But at the same time, the regional differences also can become one disadvantage of Tsingtao beer. Although the beer brands of local place are not as famous as Tsingtao beer, but they have deep knowledge by locals. When Tsingtao beer gets merger and acquisition of these enterprises, if they do not pay attention the replacement of excessive of the brand, it will deeply touch native inner to local cultural beliefs. Then it will make local consumers ricing up a big rejection mood, and lead to the agent cannot easily agent, and the sales cannot reach expected. Furthermore, Tsingtao beer is beer brand from the north, though in the north of the city has many reputation, to the south of the consumers, it is still a relatively new brand. In addition, Tsingtao beer through way of merger in process with the original formula keeps consistent, but due to the reason of soil and water, it maybe cannot keep its original quality. At the soma time, the situations of acquisition enterprise are intermingled. So the completed integration is difficult. The government policy and the support of the huge beer consumption space is a good opportunity Tsingtao beer. Because of listing in both of Hong Kong and Shanghai, new issues bring new opportunities to the development of Tsingtao beer. It is an important opportunity that cooperates with important events. Each year, the international Tsingtao beer festival brings a large number of consumers and partners. It Expand the Tsingtao beers popularity. But there is growing number of new brands into the beer market. The promotion strategies which they use will drive the whole market declining profits. And raw material prices also bring pressure to the firm. At present, Tsingtao beer has entered into the mature period. Tsingtao beer market prospect is very broad. Along with the social development progress continuously, and social activities become more and more frequently, people put forward higher the quality of life of the new requirements. This requires the Tsingtao beer with the continuous development of society to improve product quality to increase the added value of products. Tsingtao beer sales area is narrow; the high-end product market share is low. In the sales channels, they should expand sales channels, and make full use of the dealers financial products into the domestic big cities. The strategic alliance and domestic and foreign well-known hotel for strategic alliance is right choice, like Pepsi and KFC as alliance. Tsingtao beer enterprise must be good at catch opponents weak and then open marketing offensive. Such as Beijing Yanjing, Nanjing dealer for instant noodles, beverage and other non now drink terminal product distributors. They are lack of operation drink terminal market corresponding network and the actual status of the experience. Tsingtao beer should increase in Beijing drink terminal market in terms of has formed a fixed consumer groups.

Essay --

Eight people are invited to Indian Island, a piece of land that a famous movie star millionaire is said to have purchased. The one thing all these people have in common is that they were all somehow involved in someone’s death. Soon they all learn that they were tricked into coming to the island which will result in their certain deaths. In every persons’ bedroom there was a poem that hinted at how each was going to die, and ten porcelain figures on the dining room table that mysteriously disappear with each death. One of them was the murderer because there was no one else on the island, leading to suspicion, accusations, and chaos. In the end it was learned that two of the characters on the island did in fact plan all the deaths, but one threatens to tell people. In turn, Lawrence Wargrave kills him off. He was punishing these people for crimes they had committed then he himself committed suicide. In And Then There Were None, Agatha Christie develops the theme â€Å"o ne must atone for their sins† through the use of symbolism, setting, and internal conflict. In the novel, Christie utilizes symbolism to develop to the theme. Both the violent storm and the china figure represent many different things ranging from death to the character’s backgrounds. The fierce weather symbolizes the violent acts that took place on Indian Island and previous faults the characters had committed. General Macarthur for example was pinned with the death of one of his soldiers. He sent the man to a brutal fight knowing that he would die. Also, the vicious storm is representative of the murders that were occurring on the island. The porcelain Indian figures embodied each of the ten people on the island. As a person dies, one of the men mysteriously disappears... ...money she lost not only Cyril, but her boyfriend. This event left her in an almost depressed position. The image of him drowning is constantly on her mind whilst on the island where she is very often left alone to just her thoughts. Near the end she had begun regretting what she did. The memory and guilt of her actions affect her so much, she committed suicide. This in turn was her punishment for plotting the death of an innocent boy. Furthermore her internal conflicts lead her to the retribution of her actions. As seen through the use of symbolism, setting, and internal conflict, Agatha Christie has created the theme â€Å"no wrongdoing goes unpunished† in And Then There Were None. Each of the characters paid for their sins through death on Indian Island. Each character either took their own life, due to the regret of their actions or by it was done by an outside force.

African American vs. Caucasian Americans Essay

At first glance some people might consider this paper to be on the racial side, however it was all written by observations made. There are many differences between African Americans and Caucasians, some people don’t see the differences because of ignorance . You must read the paper with an open mind and take none of this to heart. African American and Caucasians function differently in public surroundings. When you see a young African American you usually see them in groups of four of more. However, when one of them gets into a disagreement five to ten more show up in their defense. They are a very close knit group of individuals. I have also noticed that when you see a young African American walking around they are usually singing, talking very loud or running around. Also when they are in groups they are very loud and take over the area that they occupy. On the other hand when you see Caucasians they are rarely in groups of three or more. To top it off when someone in one of their groups gets in trouble the rest of the group is nowhere to be found. Most times when you see young Caucasian people in a group they are for the most part within a normal speaking level. These two groups tend to act differently in the public due to their cultural differences. There are a number of differences between the churches of African Americans and Caucasians. At most typical African American churches there are no true sermons. The African American churches tend to do more entertaining rather than teaching. They also do a great deal of singing and dancing involved in there praising of God. They emphasize fellowship in their churches especially after church when they all gather and close the celebration with a meal together. However at a typical Caucasian church there are a few differences. To start it off when you first walk in you get a program detailing what will be happening through the service. They tend to structure the whole service around a sermon or story. The service every week is very predictable as to what will happen. The Caucasian churches are more there to teach the ways of the lord as they have interpreted it. Although not all the African American and Caucasian churches are along this line a majority of the main stream ones are.

Benetton and Yeo Valley Companies Marketing Communication

Benetton and Yeo Valley Companies Marketing Communication Introduction Businesses employ different communication strategies in an attempt to attain increased productivity, sales volumes, profitability, and creation of a reputable brand name. The execution of appropriate communication strategies can propel organisations towards unmatched success.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benetton and Yeo Valley Companies Marketing Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, failure to exercise caution, particularly in the manner of carrying out the communication strategy, can have undesired consequences on the company’s brand name. This set of circumstances significantly affects the overall success and sustainability of the organisation. Similarly, inappropriate advertisement can have detrimental effects on the society and other stakeholders of the firm. Therefore, all firms undertaking the role ought to adopt ethical advertising practices in a bid to avoid negative impacts on the targeted groups in the society. This paper critically examines two case studies that involve the Benetton and Yeo Valley Companies with a view of gauging their marketing communication strategies, achievements, and critical issues affecting social-economic and cultural ecosystems owing to the use of different advertising methods. Advertising Objectives for Benetton and Yeo Valley Companies and Theoretical Explanations Advertising is a core function of any communication department in businesses (Ã…  erić, Gil-Saura, Ruiz-Molina, 2014). The central role of advertisement is to communicate, particularly to the target audience, what the organisation has in store and the value of its goods and services to the outside world. It also seeks to create a brand name by maintaining a high sense of reputation. Advertising encompasses both informative and persuasive functions (Belch Belch, 2011). Informative advertising is theorised to announce the availability of a product th ereby saving customers search costs. The negative perception of informative advertising is that it tends to alter consumers’ tastes as it seeks to create product differentiation and inelastic demand. On the other hand, persuasive advertising is theoretically viewed as a means to win consumer taste from a competing brand in favour of the company’s product.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the two case studies, both advertising roles are clearly indicated since each entity exhibits a set of guiding objectives. For instance, the Ye Valley Company wished to change the customers’ perception that organic yoghurt inexpensive. This persuasive function of advertising was effectively executed as it was reflected in the skyrocketing profitability and productivity. On the other hand, the Benetton Group employed informative advertising by unravelling the important issues that affected the society in an attempt to inform the public of the existence of its products. The Benetton Company used the social learning theory in marketing its products. Through its Creative Designer, Mr Toscani identified that most consumers were interested in learning through observation, imitation, and modelling. These practices significantly influenced their purchasing behaviours (Percy, 2014). As a result, he used provocative communication strategy to evoke the consumers’ involvement in the debate on societal issues that were not being addressed. Most consumers believe in the benefits of a product besides its quality and pricing. The Yeo Valley Company created more demand for the organic and natural yoghurt by collaborating with celebrities who praised the usefulness of the product to the consumers (Chitty, Luck, Barker, Valos, Shimp, 2015). One of the advertisements done by Toscani on behalf of the company featured teenagers and children from dive rse cultural nations. The children were dressed in clothes of different colours that were designed by the Benetton Company. This creative artwork portrayed racial harmony and peace. Consumers expressed a positive attitude towards the products as evidenced by several letters that praised the company. The advertisement was used to reverse racial perceptions (Chitty et al., 2015). This phenomenon enhanced the company’s acceptance across multicultural regions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benetton and Yeo Valley Companies Marketing Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pictures also portray the reality of an issue. Some advertisements used by the company addressed political issues and diseases such as AIDS among others. For example, the company used a dying patient suffering from AIDS in the hands of the family members. The Benetton Company’s publicity increased due to an advert on the Colour M agazine that targeted the young generation worldwide. The advert was composed in different languages that embraced breaking of linguistic barriers with a view of creating a solution to issues that related to racial discrimination. This strategy benefitted the company in terms of its popularity and publicity (Chitty et al., 2015). The Benetton Company also implemented the theory of selective perception. This theory elaborates how people select, evaluate, and/or organise conditions for manipulating the external environment to seek a meaningful outcome (Lin Atkin, 2014). It further highlights that people tend to pay attention to certain features of the surrounding environment while excluding others. As highlighted in the case study, Toscani believed that those who welcomed the ideas were likely to develop more loyalty for the brand; hence, influencing higher sales returns. For those who opposed the company’s advertisement strategies, Toscani believed that the boycotts and publi city contributed to the popularity of the Benetton Company (Lin Atkin, 2014). This strategy worked successfully. Even when Toscani was replaced, the company still employed shock-advertising techniques in addressing the contemporary issues that affected the environment and society (Ailawadi, Beauchamp, Donthu, Gauri, Shankar, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theories of planned behaviour and reasoned action are based on three core assumptions that include beliefs and the evaluations of the results of a given behaviour that lead to either positive or negative attitude towards the successfulness any given brand. Secondly, belief and evaluation of the cultures and expectations of other people can result in their rejection or acceptance. Lastly, the philosophies of particular societies and its strength can lead to the perceived control of the behaviour. The Yeo Valley Company had realised that most consumers of organic food products of the dairy family were driven by beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of a particular brand of a product. The consumers associated the term organic with expensiveness. As a result, they limitedly purchased products from the company due to such factors. Upon learning the behaviour and perceptions of consumers, Tim Mead employed both modern and digital advertising strategies involving celebrities to alter the exp ensive (organic) attitude to affordable (natural) yoghurt. Advantages and Disadvantages of Shock Advertising Adopted by the Benetton Company Led by its marketing manager Oliviero Toscani, the Benetton Company embraced the shock advertising method that had both beneficial and disadvantageous effects on both the company and society. Shock advertising is mostly applied in social marketing to promote the products of a company (Parry, Jones, Stern, Robinson, 2013). It is implemented to address issues such as racism, HIV-AIDs, social inequality, abortion, brutality, bad governance, and climate change among others that affect the society. The focus of shock advertising is grabbing the customers’ attention and priceless publicity that can only be attained through shock value creation (SandÄ ±kcÄ ±, 2011). The idea was to shift from the common purpose of many advertising campaigns that centre on increasing product awareness and profitability. According to Toscani, there was a need for the Benetton Company to show the public that it cared for the societies, economic, and other global issues such as racism and capital punishment that affected them. The advantages of shock advertising in relation to the Benetton Company include the creation of brand awareness (Ailawadi et al., 2009). In every image shared by Toscani’s shocking advertising campaign, there was an embedded logo for the company (United Colours of Benetton). Despite its public deterrence and opposition, the company’s brand name awareness increased profoundly, a situation that resulted in the achievement of the author’s (Toscani) philosophical objective. Shock advertising brings about societal issues such as health, inequality, hunger, drought, and poverty among others (Virvilaite Matuleviciene, 2013). In this manner, it addresses issues that can rather remain unmentioned despite their significance in people’s lives. It breaks from the advertising culture of product awaren ess. In addition, shock advertising counters the negative theoretical perception of advertising that organisations depict selfish behaviour in promoting their products for profits without caring for the society. Shock advertising is beneficial to the brand as it drives the societal message home, induces debate, and response (Virvilaite Matuleviciene, 2013). However, sometimes the response can go viral over the social or mainstream media thereby creating inadvertent and massive brand awareness. It creates a long lasting perception of the brand in the public minds. The positive reception of the provocative messages of shock advertising can propel the company towards a great success besides creating an unshakable customer loyalty. Customers develop a personal attachment to the products of the company that addresses the societal issues that affect them significantly (Virvilaite Matuleviciene, 2013). Toscani showed the importance of shocking value to create lasting memories as he shatt ered the conventional clutter of advertising roles. Benetton’s advertisements (shock ads) were inevitably successful as they communicated the company’s values that converted into increased sales worldwide. Nevertheless, shock advertising can have irreversible detrimental effects on the society. When the campaign goes too far, it can result in controversy that can shy away customers. For instance, the death row and priest kissing a nun images sparked a massive controversy around the world. The death row images were heavily criticised since the public viewed them as an exploitation of the victims. The priest kissing a nun advertisement was deemed a promotion to a sinful act of immorality. The two ads resulted in negative perceptions of the company’s values among most of its consumers. Shock advertising can result in a decline of the company’s profitability due to the reduced sales volumes as customer stop buying products from the company. Numerous researche s have revealed that proactive advertising messages such as the ones depicted in the Benetton case can cause misinterpretation on the part of customers and the public as it can be viewed as offensive and unethical (Virvilaite Matuleviciene, 2013). This situation arises from the cultural diversity and understanding that are inherent in humanity. Proactive advertising works excellently for some countries but is highly unsuccessful in others. Furthermore, it can result in negative international relations between the company’s host country and foreign markets. For instance, images of racism featuring a black person breastfeeding a white child can be taken as an act of slavery. This message can restrain the international ties between the Black and White people from the respective countries. Shock advertising is a form of proactive advertising that can be used successfully by many companies. The appropriate group that can employ this technique without necessarily infringing people ’s attitudes and perceptions include charity organisations that women rights, child abuse, and violence against animals among others. Analysis of the Yeo Valley advertisement campaign in the year 2010 and the Churned â€Å"Forever† campaign in 2011 Advertising is a communication process that entails transmission of a message from the manufacturer to the consumers through diverse communicative media. The purpose of advertising entails inspiring, informing, persuading, reminding, influencing, and stimulating the demand for a particular product, service, or ideas to seek a response from the target audience concerning the message. The manufacturers’ message can be packaged and conveyed in numerous forms. The 2010 2011 Yeo Valley videos used the communication process to bring about the intended message. The viewpoint of the actors in the video is that the new natural yoghurt has been produced through ethical processes that focus on caring for animals and their habit ats. It uses audio-visual messages to convey the intended message. The source of the message is the Yeo Valley farm. The actors used voice and images to reach the recipients (viewers) and customers. Each of the components is essential to the achievement of the company’s goals. Customers in turn respond to the message to complete the process. The response can be in terms of purchases or complaints. The Yeo Valley advertisement won awards. This state of affairs implied that the customers (voters) accepted the product. The reaction was also manifested in the skyrocketing sales volume that resulted from the distribution of the natural yoghurt. The ad talks about how the Yeo Valley Company conserved the environment throughout its operations. The message passes information on the presence of clean air and conservation systems concerning change. It tells the viewers that the firm is not driven by selfish profitability goals rather it puts the society at the centre of its production processes. The 2011 Yeo Valley campaign incorporated both audio and visual elements into the company’s message to the viewers to show its respect for nature. The author uses the song in conjunction with images of various people driving tractors, a bird, hen, cows, and the green field to convey the company’s practical message concerning its ecological consciousness (Sokolowski, 2010). The artists exhibit their cordial relationship with the animals in the video as they feed and play with them. Feeding the cows is a proactive strategy that implies care for the animals. The message can be extended to address animal violence in the society. Animals have often been explicitly shown to be harassed despite the benefits that they attract to human beings. They deserve care, healthy feeding, and protection. The artists in the video are shown enjoying and sharing the natural yoghurt. This scene conveyed a message that the product was good to the public. As a result, the consumers were evoked to try the new product (Sokolowski, 2010). The persuasion of what they saw in the video obviously lead to more sales of the new product. Increased purchases meant more productivity and profits for the company. The videos clearly indicated the process of marketing communication. It was a new trend of advertising as those who viewed the videos can use the same channel to provide feedback. Traditional ads are one-way like the ones in the mainstream media. The YouTube videos also show other avenues that customers can use to get in touch with the company including Facebook and Twitter. The social media is an effective channel for modern advertising since it provides the recipient and sender an opportunity to interact instantly. Organisations do not have to wait to gauge the impact of their advertisement efforts. Instant feedback guides them to take decisive actions regarding the product promotion mechanisms. The negative response can compel the company to make the necessary c hanges whilst positive feedback can help the group make improvements for a greater customer base. Effects of Marketing Communication Strategy of Benetton and the Yeo Valley Companies on Society The nature of marketing strategies has different effects on the targeted companies and audience. As much as the organisations seek to create brand awareness, product’s existence, and boost sales volumes, societal aesthetics ought to come first as their efforts can impact the society adversely, a situation that can result in the company’s failure in the end. The Yeo Valley Company’s marketing strategy is depicted as effective. The company adopts conventional advertising methods including the mainstream and social media to convey ethically conscious information on the new organic yoghurt. The leasing Britain dairy farm adopts transformational marketing strategies that have undoubtedly delivered better business without damaging the environment and society. Tim Mead, the owne r of the farm, believed that adopting organic agriculture attracted not only more profitability but also had little adverse effects on the environment. Through its digital advertising platform that included Twitter and Facebook, the Yeo Valley Company brought people such as celebrities and their fans together as it promoted the value of the new organic yoghurt that was packaged in friendly coloured containers (Virvilaite Matuleviciene, 2013). On the other hand, the Benetton Company utilised shock-advertising techniques that involved the use of provocative multimedia to create a shock-value for the target consumers. The method contributed to massive brand recognition all over the world considering both good and bad reasons. At the outset, the company’s global sales volumes scaled up. This set of circumstances resulted in increased the sales returns. However, the marketing strategy adopted by the company had a myriad of adverse effects on the society. The marketing campaign ad opted by Toscani created a positive brand image on those who felt that the company was selfless as it volunteered to address societal issues that other marketers overlooked. While the strategy was praised in some countries, it caused boycotts among other countries with its high level of shock depicted on the images it contained. The religious society including the Pope was particularly irritated by the image of a priest kissing a nun. Images of people sentenced to death caused the families of the victims to file lawsuits demanding for compensations regarding violation of their people’s rights. The Benetton Company’s marketing strategies led by Toscani went too far thereby affecting the society unfavourably (Virvilaite Matuleviciene, 2013). Conclusion The essay has elaborated the role and effects of communication in business, particularly in the advertising functions. It has indicated that the adoption of suitable advertising strategies can result in positive results f or the organisations and society. The Yeo Valley digital and mainstream advertising of organic dairy products reveals this state of play. The essay also presents the adverse effects of advertising. A good example portrayed by the Benetton’s Company case study. Marketing communication is an essential function that ought to be carried out by the appropriate people who understand cross-cultural differences, attitudes, and perceptions of both people and countries. Reference List Ailawadi, K., Beauchamp, J., Donthu, N., Gauri, D., Shankar, V. (2009). Communication and promotion decisions in retailing: a review and directions for future research. Journal of Retailing, 85(1), 42-55. Belch, G., Belch, M. (2011). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspective. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Chitty, B., Luck, E., Barker, N., Valos, M., Shimp, T. (2015). Integrated marketing communications. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Lin, C., Atkin, D. (2014). Communicat ion technology and social change: Theory and implications. London: Routledge. Parry, S., Jones, R., Stern, P., Robinson, M. (2013). ‘Shockvertising’: An exploratory investigation into attitudinal variations and emotional reactions to shock advertising. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 12(2), 112-121. Percy, L. (2014). Strategic Integrated Marketing Communications. Routledge: London. SandÄ ±kcÄ ±, O. (2011). Shock tactics in advertising and implications for citizen-consumer. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(18), 42-50. Ã…  erić, M., Gil-Saura, I., Ruiz-Molina, M. (2014). How can integrated marketing communications and advanced technology influence the creation of customer-based brand equity? Evidence from the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 39(1), 144-156. Sokolowski, O. (2010). International Strategic Leadership: Case study of Benetton Group. Web. Virvilaite, R., Matuleviciene, M. (2013). The Impact of Shocking Advertising on Consumer Buying Behaviour. Economics and Management, 18(1), 134-141.

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American Government College - Essay Example In the years since, the new battle has been fought on the front lines of Afghanistan and Iraq in the quest to rid the world of evil, but it has also been fought in the halls of Congress and the hallowed walls of the White House. Only there it was to ferociously argue about what the best course of action would be in the US-led battle on terror, but this time it would be to battle about who was 'right' and who was 'wrong'. Historically, the legislative body on Capitol Hill has been delegated the erroneous task of hashing through hour upon hour of complex debate on national and international policy. Afterwards, the Executive Branch is left with the task of executing their constitutional authority to either approve, or deny the efforts of the hill by means that have often been interpreted as not being devoid of self service in their own right. In the months after the 9/11 attacks, the next option for the US Government, as seen b

An Introduction to Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

An Introduction to Law - Case Study Example However in this scenario, the court only considers the legal rules and principles decided in the earlier case. The court is not bound by the complete decision of the previous case. It is the holding of the principle of the law on which the case gets decided. It is the Ratio-Decidendi that sets the precedent and it's binding on the courts in future and it should be considered in combination to their facts of the case1. Obiter dicta actually mean "outside words". While in law, it is measured as the extra comments made by the judges during the proceedings. These are usually some examples which are related and judge discusses them. It should not be misunderstood as a part of precedent like Ratio Decidendi. The obiter dictum is the language in a decision that is not necessary to the decision. The guiding principles on which the judge and the court give the decision are the Ration of the case and other than this all the other statements made by the single judge or the bench is called the Obiter Dicta. Obiter Dictis is also known as the passing statements. A bench comprises of three judges, if one of the judge dissents against the judgment of the other two judges than the majority view would be called the Ratio Decidend.i Whereas, the dissenting judgment would be part of the obiter dicta of the whole judgment. Ratio Decidendi is binding on the lower courts as they act in the form of examples for them. Obiter Dicta can be just influential but not compulsory. It is also true that the part of the judgment that forms the part of Obiter Dicta are not wholly irrelevant and in some cases under the English legal system have espoused some important legal principles that have acted as a guiding fo rce in a number of later decisions. Obiter Dicta act as a persuasive statement under the English legal system which is not binding. Although, some cases have elaborated on this part of the judgment and have come up with extensive and thorough analysis that though part of the obiter dicta of the judgment have later on acted as persuasive statements and as a guiding light in a number of subsequent cases in the English legal system2. Like in the case of 'Mama v. Flora Sasoon 55 IA360', the Privy Council's full judgment on the case of specific performance was obiter dicta as the Privy Council held 'there was no concluded contract at all'. However, the decision is binding on all courts as it settled the law on particular performance. Similarly, in 'Lawson v. Commissioner of Patents (1970), 62 C.P.R. 101 (Ex. Ct.)' The ratio decidendi or the decision was claiming straight to the "subdivided parcel of land" also does not fall within the description of "invention" in section 2. Especially, a sub-divided parcel of land is not represented as either an "art" or "manufacture" in section 2. The Court gave this narrow ratio, but also discussed in an elaborated manner if a method of subdividing land might constitute an "art" under section 2 (concluding that it would not), even though no such method claim was put before the Court to be decided. An ideal instance of both ratio decidendi and obiter dictum can be found in the judgment in the most famous of all insurance law cases, Castellain v. Preston (1883) in which the principle of indemnity in

Assess the Consequences of the Civil War for American Politics Essay Example for Free

Assess the Consequences of the Civil War for American Politics Essay With a single shot of John Wilkes Booth’s pistol, the greatest President that ever served America was dead. With the Civil War barely over and with the country in a complete state of moral and political chaos, Abraham Lincoln’s death could not have come at a worse time. (1) The great leader, the brave revolutionary, the progressive politician – Abraham Lincoln was the man who held an ever-changing America together, the only candidate to lead America forward and leave the brutalities of the Civil War, and of course slavery, behind. As it was, Lincoln’s death at Ford’s Theatre could not have come at a worse time for the nation – the death of a national hero, when the people needed him most. (1) His assassination marked the beginning of political chaos within America’s upper echelons, and most unfortunately condemned the south to decades of isolation and the races to a long arduous painful struggle, which remains. (4c)(1) With one single bullet, the soul was immediately ripped out of American politics and all the work of one great man nearly undone. Never before was a strong leader more needed to capitalise on this great opportunity for the country, than after Lincoln’s murder. A man to carry the mantle for this new â€Å"free† America, a great leader to unite the people once again, a man to make America great. Unfortunately, all they got was Andrew Johnson. If the people had wanted a replica of Abraham Lincoln, they were hugely disappointed. As a Democrat from the border state of Tennessee, Johnson was never going to be a mould in Lincoln’s image. (4c) He became very much his own man – whether this was to the benefit of American politics, is highly doubtful. Never before had a President distanced himself so much from Congress. He was egotistical and narrow-minded and never seemed to fully comprehend the complexity of the war that had taken place. As a white southerner, Johnson’s feelings towards blacks were at best mixed. This was seen in his instruction to ex-rebel states to draw up state constitutions and allow ex-confederate leaders to dominate these state governments. (1) Johnson gave these states pretty much â€Å"free rein† over their own affairs and his policy of silence and non-interference was damaging to the freedmen, allowing the states to remain loyal to â€Å"the ause†. (1) Slavery was officially dead, but oppression was thriving. Violence against the freedmen became commonplace and with the introduction of the hugely controversial â€Å"Black Codes† in many states, blacks were denied all but their basic civil rights. Overall, there was a ridiculously ignorant and narrow-minded, yet widely accepte d, view that â€Å"the blacks at large belong to the whites† (Carl Schulz). (1) The infamous Ku Klux Klan (1865) carried out unprecedented violent attacks on the freedmen. (4f) The cowardice of Johnson was seeing all hopes for a brighter future unravel before the freedmen’s eyes. What would Abe Lincoln have thought? However, Johnson was not allowed have an easy ride – Congress fought back and moved to exclude Johnson’s own senators and representatives from the house. (1) To further rile Congress, Johnson in turn vetoed a proposed Fourteenth Amendment (4d)– which defined a U. S. Citizen (including African Americans) – gave extension of powers to the Freedman’s Bureau, and included a reformed civil rights law. (4d) There was now a complete split between the President and the Republican Party. This in turn united the Republican Party; they were united in their hatred of Johnson and now abandoned him. (1) Inevitably, impeachment proceedings were brought against Johnson instigated by Edwin Stanton (the first of its kind to be brought against any American President). These were rightly rejected by Congress. If this had been passed it would have threatened the basis of the Constitutional system that would have caused political chaos. (4a) However, one positive outcome of the whole affair was that it warned all future Presidents not to follow Johnson’s example. In other words, don’t mess with Congress! In 1868, Johnson was finally replaced through the normal political process, by the people’s choice, the hero of Appomattox and Vicks, Ulysses S. Grant (4c) – a very much passive President whose hunger and dedication to the role must come into question. (1) However, despite Grant’s failings as President, at least Congress was united once again and the Congressional majority could now concentrate on the problem of the South and the blacks without interference. Proposed plans for reform in the South were defeated – plans to industrialize it and form the South in the image of the progressive North deemed impossible. For the South had changed greatly – it was now riddled with economic problems with the death of slavery leaving a void in Southern institutions. The general consensus among many was that it must be left for the southerners to sort out – black and white. (1)(4e) Meanwhile, the radical Republican programme was continuing to make massive strides forward: in March 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment was passed giving blacks the vote: â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by any state on account of race, colour, or previous condition of servitude†. 2)(4d) The Unionists now had the help of black voters and educating them how to vote and more precisely, how to vote Republican, was a priority. (1)(4e) The freed men were now willing and eager to make the most of their freedom – they were no longer irrelevant in American society – for the first time they had a voice. The freedmen’s cause also had a large volume of support behind it from varying sectors: the scalawags and carpetbaggers (essential to radical reconstruction and always eager for change in the South), the capitalists and industrialists (wanting to capitalise on the rich mineral wealth of the South – coal, iron, oil – and of course to maximise its labour supply), and support also from the national institutions (army, church, Freedman’s Bureau, state militias, Union League). (1) With this formidable force behind it the black’s status was gradually improving. Public education was provided and property qualifications for voting were scrapped along with a framework of law not introduced in southern states. (2) This all helped the modernisation of the South (e. g. famous universities such as Howard, Atlanta and Fisk date from this time). (4e) However as the North progressed at a rapid rate, it found new excitement, new pleasures, new factories, new farms and its people and politicians became increasingly bored with the backward South. Time killed off radical leaders and the passion of newly elected civil war leaders died. Times were changing. 1) The Democratic Party now campaigned for black votes and the Republicans did likewise for white supremist votes. The North was now much more concerned with hating the new threat to American liberty, the Irish and European immigrants. (1)(4b) The South, however, had a different, less passive attitude than their Northern cousins. The South was an entirely different place to the North – it may as well have been another world. Reconstruction for the North involved reintroducing states to the political fold on tolerable terms; for the South it meant rebuilding society from its foundations. 1) The divisions in the South at the time were plain for all to see; divisions between blacks and whites, (2) confederates and scalawags, and the classes (farmer class and planter class. ) There was also the economic problem – a southern economy that was based almost solely on cotton suffered hugely as a result of the abolition of slavery and the resulting shortage of a cheap labour supply. (1)(4f) As a result the despair of the South was expressed through savage race conflict and physical force. (4f) â€Å"This is a white man’s government†. This was a call, made ever louder by the growing power and influence of the Ku Klux Klan. Attempts to prevent blacks from voting, drive them from landholdings and intimidate them to prevent them gaining any confidence were all brutally achieved. (1) â€Å"Corruption is the fashion†. (1) Meanwhile, American politics was going through its most dishonest era in history. With unmanageable debts arising from attempts to rebuild South and with corruption and incompetence rife throughout the entire Grant administration there was a split in the Republican party. 1) The 1872 election was fought between the Democrats and now â€Å"Liberal Republicans† – thus proving that two-party politics was here to stay. Grant just survived the Democratic challenge. Now, however, the Democrats had a new lease of life, a new optimism based on the anti-business Jacksonian platform. (1) This optimism was further inflated with the Democratic victory in the Congressional election in 1874. (1 ) Was Reconstruction coming to an end? As it turned out, no. Republican party candidate Rutherford B. Hayes’ administration undoubtedly rigged the 1876 Presidential election in his defeat of Samuel Tilden. Reconstruction was however unofficially dead and by the looks of it, American politics and morals had gone with it. To avert another civil war and to calm the fuming Democrats – a compromise was reached (The Compromise of 1877). (4G) Hayes promised investment in the South in return for the improved treatment of African – Americans. As it turned out this did turn out to be too good to be true. There were still united attacks on blacks and a general decline in the blacks’ social status. Similarly, Hayes returned the compliment in showing little interest in the South – in a region that always voted Democratic. 1) Overall, it must be said that Reconstruction had failed in almost every way. The South was still in turmoil. The blacks were still being treated as second-class citizens (at best) and the southern whites coping with poor land, poor capital and seemingly no hope for the future. Reconstruction did bring about the 14th and 15th amendments giving a solid grounding for blacks in the North. These amendments however did not properly affect blacks in the South for another hundred years. (1) What would Abe Lincoln think? This was a time when the title â€Å"President† mattered very little. Passive and corrupt Presidents became very much the norm – Presidents seemingly doing their utmost to undo the great work of Abraham Lincoln. President Rutherford B. Hayes rigged 1874 election; (4g)(4c) President Garfield will only be remembered for being shot by Charles J. Guiteau; President Arthur was a quiet dignified President, that’s all. (4c) Congress held all the great power now and this is also where the corruption in American politics was most prevalent. Selfish Senators often used their power and exploited their influence to get wealthier off big business corporations. (1) It was clear, politics stank. It is true that the need to eradicate corruption was not helped by the two-party system that now was clearer than ever in American politics. (3)(2) This old-style Jeffersonian system left states to their own devices thus making the disease of corruption almost untreatable, and of course the corruptors almost untouched. (1) It was the mixture of old politics and a new society – a society unable to cope with the rapid changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution changed America into what it is today – a continental nation, rich and productive economically populous, and industrialized, with various ethnic origins. 4b)(1) America was effectively the first fully modern society but as we have seen, was in a constant struggle with itself to adapt to this new â€Å"Gilded Age†. (3) In my opinion, this proves and merely underlines the flaws in the Constitutional Political system: it is a system that proved incapable of abolishing slavery peacefully and now was evide ntly unable to industrialize America morally. Meanwhile, it was now a fact that the big business millionaires and capitalists that were resulting from industrialisation practically owned state governments. Entrepreneurs such as Frick, Carnegie and Rockefeller held absolute control over this new breed of greedy politician. (1) The businessmen competed furiously with each other taking potentially huge risks in the hope of claiming potentially huge profits. (3) Although the politicians in question were by no means godly, it must be said that they were always loyal to their party and extremely patriotic. They kept promises and looked after their own people. They were in politics to make a good living – it was the â€Å"American Way†. However, the Mugwumps were the first group to make their dissent about this continuing epidemic of corruption matter – a group consisting of mainly liberal Republicans. Although the Mugwumps never posed any major threat to politicians they did have their achievements: (1) helped defeat of James Blaine (Republican) by Grover Cleveland in 1884 election. (2) pushed for introduction of secret ballots by 1892 in thirty-three states ( in an attempt to avoid violence and bribery present in past elections). (3) were essentially the spokesmen for the American conscience at the time. The new expanding free education in America now taught children Mugwump ways – taught morals, patriotism and loyalty. Ultimately, however, the Mugwumps never fulfilled their great potential as a serious political party as they were blind to providing for the poorer classes – unlike the established politicians. (1)(4i) Meanwhile, relatively speaking, times looked healthy for the American economy: abundant rainfall, good harvests, easy credit all resulted in benefits for both towns and farms. The winter of 1886-87 changed all that: cattle were destroyed and so-called ‘cattle-kings’ were ruined. Similarly, the summer of drought in 1887 meant that the Kansas harvest failed. (‘In God we trusted, in Kansas we busted’). (1) Now times looked bad. Income for farmers naturally decreased and instead of blaming their own faults, turned their anger towards the mismanaged railroads. (3) The ruthless competition of building railroads in the East, resulted in the businessmen allowing Free Fares for Congressmen for using certain lines and provided ‘rebates’ for big shippers (e. g. Standard Oil). This resulted in the farmers having to pay more to railways to cover the capitalists’ costs adding to the problems of drought. Farmers were now convinced that there was some kind of conspiracy against American agriculture. (1)(3) Everything the American farmer believed in was under threat from this new monster of industry and commerce. All sections of farmers in both the South and West (despite civil war) came together to form the Farmers’ Alliance in an attempt at improving the farmer’s lot. (4i) Farmers now expressed themselves through politics. In 1888 several farmer’s parties contested state elections and fared well (though at Presidential level everything stayed as normal with Benjamin Harrison (Republican) replacing the sterile Cleveland) The newly formed People’s Party in 1892 was another sign of success on the farmers’ part. The real strength of the party was in the enthusiasm of its supporters – the Populists, headed by General James Weaver, did extremely well in the 1892 Presidential election, gaining a very respectable 1029840 votes. (1)(4i) It was a party aiming to restore the soul of America, a soul that had been eaten away in a haze of corruption and greed since the great Lincoln’s murder. The Populists now set out on this great political crusade (not seen since 1840) and laid the agenda for reforms for the next twenty years. They sought dramatic changes: (1) (1) the free coinage of silver (2) a form of income tax be introduced (3) the sub treasury plan of the Farmers’ Alliance (4) the nationalization of railroads (5) the introduction of the secret ballot system in all states (6) a restriction on immigration (which had risen to unprecedented levels with the arrival of Europeans in search of a better living in America. (7) the limit of one-term for Presidents and vice-Presidents (8) Senators to be chosen by the people (9) and most controversially, it called for a national currency to be introduced that could adapt to the needs of the people. (1)(4) The currency question caused a complete split in Congress between the free traders and the protectionists. This substantial divide meant that no rational tariff would be possible. (4j) Grover Cleveland was one man oppo sed to a high tariff. Siding with the ordinary, working-class views, Cleveland’s popular vote naturally increased and he was re-elected for a econd term in 1892. It would be fair to label this term in office as an unqualified failure. (1)(4c)(4j) The economy immediately floundered. He failed to prevent or withdraw the 1890 McKinley Tariff, which undoubtedly favoured the monopolists. Attempts to restore business confidence failed, as businessmen remained unwilling to take risks at such an unsteady time. Efforts by Cleveland to defend the gold-standard (he was widely known as a staunch ‘gold-bug’) only served to widen the gap between himself and Congress. It cannot be denied that this ’gold-bug’ administration completely failed to help the ordinary people through this economic depression – Cleveland failed to revive the economy. (1)(4j) As expected, the Democrats did badly in the 1894 Congressional elections as a wave of strikes swept the country in a vain attempt to prevent mass lay-offs. And what did Cleveland do to help these people most affected by this economic deadline? He introduced labour injunctions and sent federal troops to Chicago to break the railroad strike. (1) The people demanded and deserved more. Discontent grew, as did socialist ideas (similar to Populist ideas. There was a growing demand for greenbacks to be introduced (Fiat money), (1) which would allow the government to regulate the circulation of money. However Weaver made the fatal mistake of concentrating solely on the currency question in the lead up to the 1896 election as this issue had no appeal for those struggling industrial workers – they just wanted work! In the end, the election transpired to be economically irrelevant – instead it became a straight battle between the industrial society and farming communities and settled the identity of the Democratic and Republican parties for good. The Republicans, led by William McKinley and his influential understudy Marcus Alonso Hanna represented the higher class society in America and lectured on the importance of the gold standard (Hanna certainly dominated the campaign while coaching McKinley how to behave). (1)(4k) The Democrats, on the other hand, aimed to rid themselves of all Cleveland’s work. In effect, the populists had captured the Democratic Party and this was confirmed when William Jennings Bryan was chosen to head their campaign. 4k) He was a man of reform and spoke for the plain, ordinary people of rural America. â€Å"You shall not press down upon the brow of labour this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold†. (1) Emphatic and deeply biblical, the language spoke of something of huge importance to the Democrats. It must be said that Bryan re-committed the party to its original principles – principles that kept the party out of office for sixteen years, however , principles that were ultimately beneficial to it. McKinley took the election and the Republicans captured both houses of Congress, which signifies the shift from America from a rural nation to an urbanised one. American politics now had a system and the parties had an identity. Hanna brought Republicans to the wealthy side, while Bryan put the Democratic future firmly into the hands of the poor and weak. (1)(4k) In my opinion, this makes the 1896 election the most important Presidential Election in American history. And then for some reason, the economy picked up. Businesses began to boom again, farmers’ hopes improved and most importantly that famous American self-confidence was restored. (1) As it entered the 20th century, times began to look good again. The nineteenth century ended as it began, in violence. McKinley’s declaration of war on Spain in 1898 put a brief halt to the nation’s progressiveness. It was a brief, yet intensely fought conflict that ultimately led to a victory for the U. S. Navy, resulting in the Spaniards relinquishing their claim to ownership of certain parts of the Caribbean and Pacific, to the Americans. The Spanish/American War – April/July 1898). (4h) Many questions had to be answered going into a new century. Could America fulfil its potential? Could the societies of industry and agriculture live in harmony? Could blacks be accepted as equals? Could immigration be controlled in a way to help American citizens? Could America ever find another leader in the mould of Abraham Lincoln? Could American politics regain its moral values? Could America become the great nation that Lincoln once spoke of? As the great man once said; â€Å"With malice toward none, with harity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan – to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations† (Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address. March 4, 1865). (4c) It was now up to America itself to make him proud.